WGU SZT 1 Task 4 - Disaster in Franklin County Essay Example for Free

WGU SZT 1 Task 4 Disaster in Franklin County EssayThe most important aspect in managing a accident situation is preparedness. The simulation Disaster in Franklin County highlights the role of human beings wellness personnel, with emphasis on the reality health wet- apply because the nurse is often a first responder to such a disaster. This assists to examine the roles, actions, coping methods, and techniques used by a nurse in a disaster scenario. A. Role of man wellness PersonnelThe role of public health personnel is to maintain the physical and emotional risklessty of individuals throughout the community affected by the storm. Those in the habitual Health division are responsible for ensuring the citizens of Franklin County dedicate all the basic necessities for survival, such as clean water, food, shelter, and necessary medications. Because of the varying needs of the community, the Public Health Department is also responsible for maintaining and disseminating up-t o-date information on how to acquire help, how to acquire the basic necessities, and health hazards/concerns. The public health nurse assures these needs and concerns are met within her mise en scene of nursing practice, using her prizement and prioritization skills.While the public health nurse is assessing the needs of those affected, other members of the Public Health Department maintain trading operations and assume any jobs that fall outside of the nursing scope of practice utilizing severally individuals skills the health educator is able-bodied to draft concise and easily understood directions relating to maintaining health and directing those displaced to the nearest shelter the department bookkeeper maintains the financial records during the disaster operations the receptionist uses her connections with vendors and general people skills to obtain what is take to run the department the epidemiologists analytical approach and organized thinking is essential in mapping out the logistics of emergency departmental operations and the environmental health supervisor, who has the most supervisory fancy, oversees all operations by the Public Health Department, attends important briefings, and delegates tasks. B. Chain of CommandEstablishment of a mountain range of command in a situation such as a severe storm or other disaster is essential. Because there may be a disruption to commonly used manners of communication, such as television, telephones, and the internet, it is important to have a clear outline of where and to whom to report, how to find answers, and who will coif necessary tasks. In the simulation, the Public Health Department is some(prenominal) a link in the larger, county-wide chain of command and has its own hierarchy structure. Within the scope of the county, the Public Health Department reports to the Medical/Health Branch Director who is directly under the Operations Chief. The Operations Chief, who is in charge of managing and mon itoring the actions of each department, reports to the Emergency Operations Commander.The Emergency Operations commander is the highest link in the chain, not only overseeing the operations of the various governmental departments, but also the officers in charge of Safety, Public Information, and Legal. Within the Public Health Department, like in the county structure, there is an Operations Chief, responsible for all the actions taken by the department. This is someone with experience in the field, supervisory experience, and an intellect of the structure and function of the department. Under the Operations Chief, there are officers for Logistics, Planning, Finance/Administration, Public Information and Liaison. Each of these individuals is chosen check to his or her individual strengths and abilities within the department and is accountable for the actions of the Public Health Department.C. ResourcesThrough the county-wide set up of an Incident Command System (ICS), the public h ealth nurse has many resources available to her to maintenance the community. To spread information about boiling water for safe use, the nurse has the tending of the Public Information officers of both the Public Health Department and the county. Also, because of a pact Franklin County has made with neighboring REPLACE County, the Public Health Department is able to promptly begin inspections needed to reopen restaurants, providing needed food and a sense of normalcy to the people. While conducting direct interviews, the nurse has additional members of the ICS present to assist in assessing the safety of homes and to aid in the evacuation of residents in unsafe or dangerous environments. After the providing immediate needs, the nurse is able to aid those affected by the storm emotionally and/or psychologically by referring them to hotlines and other practionersin the firmament for assessment and treatment. D. Actions of Community Health NurseThe community health nurse is, thro ugh door-to-door interviews with residents most affected by flooding and power outages, able to intervene in unsafe situations. The nurse prepares before the interviews, benchmarks for the determination for safety. The nurse assesses these benchmarks by enquiring if residents have adequate food and medications, accredit how to safely consume water, have any injured, young or elderly who need assistance, have safe shelter and know of the resources available to them. When confronted with emergency situations, the nurse uses her connections in the ICS to aid citizens.After discovering a potentially hazardous chemical spill, she cautions the resident against the cleaning the spill himself and deploys an Environmental Health Specialist to assist. The nurse also intervenes to stop a situation from becoming hazardous by instructing another resident that the operation of a generator inwardly requires adequate ventilation, thereby pr reddenting a carbon dioxide poisoning. Finally, the nurs e assists a resident without an adequate supply of life-sustaining medication in obtaining a resupply and further offers him help in evacuating to a shelter if preferred. In addition, the nurse is able to make referrals to other social service departments for those who will need further assistance even after basic needs are met. E. Coping with AftermathAn important part of aiding a community after such a disaster is understanding the long term effects on everyday life. The public health nurse is instrumental in assisting those affected emotionally and financially with the appropriate resources. In the scenario, the nurse is able to aid those calling the Public Health Department by recognizing the issues caused by the storm and taking steps to get help where needed.The nurse refers a woman whose family is having difficulty dealing with unemployment and anger after the storm by suggesting counseling and scheduling a home visit to further assess needs. Another way the nurse aids the co mmunity is by recognizing potential serious hazards and dispatching the appropriate members of the Public Health Department to aid in assessment and stabilization of the environment. Finally, the nurse acts swiftly in a confirmed hazardous situation by notifying Emergency Medical Services of an injury in an area with a large community presence, thereby protecting other citizens from harm and allowing the appropriate actions to be taken to neutralize the danger. E1. TechniquesWhile interacting with the community during the post-storm phone calls, the nurse used multiple methods to calm the fears of those involved. In the first instance, the nurse was able to support the telephoner by using language that reflected her own concerns back to her. This allowed the caller to have her fears validated. Also, the nurse provided the caller with reassurance that her family was not alone in dealing with the consequences of the storm and resources through which she might find help. Both of these techniques were useful throughout the calls the public health nurse received as well as maintaining a professional demeanor and using her connections to other departments in the ICS to provide prompt assistance where needed. F. Preparation of NursesEmergency situations or disasters on any scale can benefit greatly from well prepared and qualified nurses from a variety of fields. In preparations for large scale disasters, nurses must make sure to maintain current knowledge of emergency services and procedures. This can be accomplished through continue education with community health focus. Nurses can also participate in city, county, and state wide disaster drills, learning decisive skills in a safe but accurate simulation. Nurses can also make sure to understand the policies and procedures of their practice settings regarding disaster situations. ConclusionAs nursing practice expands further into the community, it becomes vital to understand the roles required in a disaster situat ion. By examining the actions taken, methods used and interactions with other departments, the importance of the community health nurse in maintaining the safety of the public is clear. Public health nurses have the unique position to truly advocate and aid many people in emergency situations.

Research question vs. Hypothesis Essay Example for Free

question question vs. Hypothesis EssayDoes your study take an experimental approach to answer questions? Are you making a prediction ab forth the phenomenon being studied? If your answer to these questions is yes, then you will need a hypothesis, but if it is no then you will need a look for question.This is because a hypothesis is a statement that is tested by experiment(s) to confirm or deny the phenomenonTurning now to a query question, if you ar incorporating a question question rather than a hypothesis, then remember that some of the important features of a good question are that the question or problem should beabout one issueclear and conciseaddresses an important, controversial and/or an unresolved issue feasible to undertake within a specified timeframeadequately resourced.Hypothesis (plural = hypotheses)A hypothesis is not a question, but rather it is a statement about the relationship between both or more variables.So, for example, the first question above could bec ome a hypothesis by making this a statement rather than a question, namelyThe perceived unavoidably of the patient and users of South Bedfordshires palliative care services are being met.To be complete a hypothesis must overwhelm three componentsThe variablesThe populationThe relationship between the variablesAs you can see, the hypothesis translates the research question into a prediction of expected outcomes.A hypothesis is the bill of quantitative studies, and is only found in suchstudies. In fact, a hypothesis is usually only found in experimental quantitative research studies. You will be able to find out more about hypothesese when we look at them in more detail later in the session.Research question.A research question is the question that the research project sets out to answer. In actual fact, a research study may set out to answer several questions. The methodology used for that study, and the tools used to conduct the research, all depend upon the research questions be ing asked.For example, in the example of a qualitative research study, the following two research questions that underpin the study, and also needed to be answered by the study, are shown in the box below.There are two research questions that will need to be answered by this phase of the research. These are Are the perceived needs of the patients and users of South Bedfordshires palliative care services bei ng met? If not, what needs to be done if these needs are to be met in the future? The first question can be answered by a quantitative study, whereas the endorsement one may require a qualitative study to answer it.Research questions can therefore be used in quantitative and qualitative research studies.

Bidding Strategy of Construction Companies

Bidding Strategy of Construction CompaniesIntroductionThis report aims to assess the value to construction companies of having a defined bidding strategy that is complied with when tendering for new turn over. The mass of construction companies have a bidding strategy of some form whether it is specified or non, in the instance that a comp all does not wage in a process of selection when approaching new figure out then they pull up stakes offer little value as they would be value every job forthcoming regardless of the lease value, location, programme or their previous experience of that type of work.At the time of writing the UK economy (in extra the construction industry) re master(prenominal)s gripped by the instability and uncertainty created by the financial market turmoil that occurred throughout 2007 2008 leading to the greatest economic crisis and subsequent inlet since the Great Depression of the 1930s (Brunnermeier, Markus K., 2009). As such construction compani es are faced with a market place as competitive as any in living memory, for most turnover and profits have dropped significantly and this subsequently applies extra emphasis to the importance of the tendering process.The report will firstly reexamination the literary works available on bidding strategies in the construction industry with a brief review of the answers of the recession on goors bidding prices. The literature review will then be advanced upon by conducting an assessment of the bidding strategy utilised by Dawn Construction Ltd, a main haleor operating in the central belt of Scotland.2.0 Bidding Strategy2.1 DefinitionA bidding strategy can be described as a wide range of applied techniques and timing in order to achieve predetermined objectives. Brook (2008) offers the follo pull throughg analogy It is interesting to note that in military terms, the word strategy means the skilful management of an army in such a way as to deceive the enemy and win a campaign. In business the stated objectives can sometimes be achieved by deceiving the opposition but principally the specified objective is to be productive in winning contracts at prices which would allow the organisation to carry out the work profitably In effect a bidding strategy is the close by a gild on which work to price for and the level of profit to incorporate in order to successfully secure the bear and nurture the businesses financial security.2.2 The Tender ProcessUnder traditional circumstances the tender process for a contractor commences with the clients invitation to tender. Upon receipt the contractors response will be molded by several factors, ultimately though the volume of available work will determine the eagerness of the contractor to price the tender. Very few contractors will actually outright decline the opportunity to price work for a reputable client, in the instance where the contractor does not want to price a tender for whatever reason it is more likely t hat he will price the work using uncompetitive rates in order to visit they do not win the contract.(Smith, 1995) This practice is commonly referred to as cover pricing and the primary objective of it is for the contractor to avoid work that he does not want to attempt without insulting the client and being removed from his future tender lists. Although cover pricing was made illegal in 2000, it is still regularly employed by contractors who differentiate between submitting a price that is non-competitive and the act of colluding with others in a bid-rigging process. (Bingham, 2009)2.3 Decision to TenderPrior to committing to pricing a project a contractor must carefully consider his decision to tender as every job he prices costs the company money and reduces the elections available to price other work. Some contractors engage in a grading system when they receive a tender (i.e. a grading range of 1-4), this is in order to prioritise enquiries and put emphasis on winning the ty pes of projects best suited to the company. Others prefer to approach each tender with the aspiration of winning the contract, allowing their price to be influenced only by perceived risk and relevant market factors. Where circumstances change during the bidding process perhaps the contractor wins another contract unexpectedly this can be taken into account at adjudication stage. (Cook Williams, 2004)Cooke Williams (2004) cite the following as key factors in influencing a contractors decision to tender cosmopolitanIs it our kind of work?What is the current workload?Working CapitalIs there sufficient works capital to fund the project?What will be the effect on company financial resources? handiness of ResourcesDo we have the resources available to price?Do we have the site labour available to undertake? are suitable jobors available?LocationIs the project laid within our trading area?What management and control problems will there be with a contract located some miles from head office?Size Type of WorkWhat is the monetary value of the project?Is the contract too big for the company to undertake?How did the company perform on similar types of work in the past?Subcontract elementWhat is the extent and value of the contractors work in the project compared with the subcontract element?Is the main contractor simply being asked to manage a number of subcontractors?Is a reasonable mark-up on subcontractors likely?GeneralIs it our kind of work does it fit into strategic plan?What is the current workload in both the contracts division and the estimating section?Do we have the financial and management resources to undertake the work?Working CapitalIs sufficient working capital available to fund the project?What will be the effect on company financial resources?The working capital required to fund a 500,000.00 project will be approximately 15-20% of the monetary value at the peak funding month (say 100,000-150,000)Availability of ResourcesGeneral management person nel (e.g. contracts managers, planning engineers, quantity surveyors)Site management (e.g. site agents, foremen/gangers, site engineers)Labour and plantSubcontractors are suitable subcontractors available and what is their resource situation?LocationIs the project located within our trading area?What management and control problems will there be with a contract located some miles from head office?Size Type of WorkWhat is the monetary value of the project?Is the contract too big for the company to undertake? taking on a project which is too big could be damaging to future planning and growthWhat impact will there be on the viability of the business if the contract fails to make an adequate margin?If a contractor with an annual turnover of 10 million wins a 4 million contract and this project makes a loss, the whole business could be put at risk.A major project could give the company severe liquidity problemsHow did the company perform on similar types of work in the past?Bibliograp hyConstruction planning programming ControlBrian Cooke Peter WilliamsFinance Control for ConstructionChris frame in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Remote Working System Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Remote Working System Computer Science EssayIntroductionThe future(a) report waive for be based on providing potential requirements of the basic scenario and a through explanation of advantages and disadvantages of updating the current engagement of the EERP Company. By analysing the differentiate requirements it is clearly explained that the EERP is having two major employee classes as senior round and junior staff.Junior staff works in the office which mean that they worked on improve places. This volition result them to have personal reckoners with LAN (Local Area Network) attachivity. Depending on the budget this can vary up to a tuner mesh topology by implementing tuner interfacing postings to their personal computers and having receiving set local area network zones on the working area.Senior staff on the early(a) hand, they work in their homes. From their they should be able to do various kind of functionalities E.g. deliver com panys message via ProwerPoint presentations, compile, print documents, perform quires on existing customer records, send and receive email and complete sales orders. These functionalities should be done online or through the WIFI network at the company. It is clarified that the management has decided to equip the senior staff with a mixture of wireless enabled portable notebook PCs, printers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) to get the maximum benefits out of their senior staff.To achieve these desired functionalities it is a must to implement a practical(prenominal) Private Network (VPN) between the senior staff and the Office network of the office. This will result them to connect their office even though they are remotely connected. They will be able to perform same kind of functionality which they perform in their office environment. When they work in the office they can connect to the WIFI network without connecting to the VPN. This network architecture will provide the s enior member to be connected on their office network every time whenever they want.When it comes to wireless connectivity or VPN, security is a must. It is important to implement necessary security methods and protocols to connect any of the networks. With respect to the following requirements no of WIFI and VPN users should me defined and should be expandable with the growth of the company. Depending on the budget, suitable VPN provider should be selected.With the basic under provideing of the key requirements it will be possible to prepare a network system with remote networking functionality.Advantages and Disadvantages of having remote working systemPros,It will be easier to implement and maintain.High reliability and availability.Network cabling will be reduced.Employees can stand on their work place dynamically without staying on one locationCan easily configure the security of the network.Can easily divide departments as blocks of network access points.Expansion of the networ k will be easier than a Traditional fit LAN.Cons,Network connectivity will be lower than a wired LAN.VPN implementation will be expensive.Company should be facing a higher security threat when implementing a VPN.In order to enhance the security, firewalls and different(a) third party tools have to be purchased.Employees should be well trained to use VPNs and wireless networks to avoid any sort of interruptions.Failure of a VPN will result some employees to not to cooperate with the company until it is fixed.Benefits to the companyThis system will allow employees to work interactively without any disruption. Employees who work on the office will have the WIFI connectivity. This means that they can work on their office desk as well as when they are not. They might be interacting with the customers even so they can connect with the network. They can share information, print documents and can query the information database. This will result interactive and efficacious communication with their customers.Senior staff on the other hand can work in home as they are in the office. Because of the VPN they will gain almost all of the network capabilities as they are in the office. Email services, document sharing, print documents and even online presentation facilities can be provided. When they visit the office they can connect to the wireless network using their wireless enabled notebooks and PDAs. As a result they can have almost the same functionalities.Estimate of the costNETWORK CABLE muckle CABLE 1000M UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) = 315RJ45 Connector Network Cable CAT5 Crimp Ends Plug x 100 = 4.98D-Link DES-1024D 24-Port 10/100Mbps Network Switch = 61.00D-Link DSL-2640R radio G ADSL2 Wireless router DSL 802.11b/g = 56.00NETGEAR ProSafe Quad WAN Gigabit SSL VPN Firewall SRX5308 Router = 254.00RJ45 Network Crimp Tool = 20.00Mercury Multi Network Tester = 7.00Test UM WP150 Wi Net window Wireless Analyzer = 150.00Task 2.Set up a network with 2 wire less nodes and 1 wired node.192.168.248.57 -Default GatewayCUserssonyDesktopNWinternet.jpgCUserssonyDesktopNWwifi signalCUserssonyDesktopNWLinksys-router-wireless.jpgCUserssonyDesktopNWlaptop.jpg192.168.248.61CUserssonyDesktopNWpc.jpgCUserssonyDesktopNWwifi signalCUserssonyDesktopNWlaptop.jpg192.168.248.62192.168.248.63Wireless RouterA router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, usually two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISPs network. Routers are located at admissions, the places where two or more networks connect, and are the critical device that keeps data flowing between networks and keeps the networks connected to the Internet.When data is sent between locations on one network or from one network to a second network the data is always seen and directed to the put location by the router. The router accomplishes this by using headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the data packets, and they also use protocols such as ICMP to clear with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.Network Interfacing CardA network interface card, more commonly referred to as a NIC, is a device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN, or local area network. Networked computers communicate with each other using a given protocol or agreed-upon language for transmitting data packets between the different machines, known as nodes. The network interface card acts as the liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on the LAN.The most common language or protocol for LANs is Ethernet, sometimes referred to as IEEE 802.3. A lesser-used protocol is Token Ring. When building a LAN, a network interface card must be installed in each computer on the network and all NICs in the network must be of the same architecture. For example, all must either be Ethernet cards, Token Ring cards, or an skip technology.WIFI CardsA wireless network adapter allows a computing device to join a wireless LAN. Wireless network adapters run a built-in radio transmitter and receiver. Each adapter supports one or more of the 802.11a, 802.11b, or 802.11g Wi-Fi standards.Wireless network adapters also exist in several different form factors. Traditional PCIwireless adapters are add-in cards designed for installation inside a desktop computer having a PCI bus. USB wireless adapters connect to the external USB port of a computer. Finally, so-called PC Card or PCMCIA wireless adapters insert into a narrow open bay on a notebook computer.One example of a PC Card wireless adapter, the Linksys WPC54G (compare prices) is shown above. Each lawsuit of wireless network adapter is small, generally less than 6 inches (0.15 m) long. Each provides equivalent wireless capability according to the Wi-Fi standard it supports.Some notebook computers are now manufactured with bulit-in wireless networking. Small chips inside the computer provide the equivalent functions of a network adapter. These computers obviously do not require separate installation of a separate wireless network adapter. vista up wireless ConnectivityI have used TP_LINK as the router. To connect to the router I have used on of the LAN ports.At the browser type http//192.168.1.1/ to view the login page.Default username and password admin and admin are used to log in.If successful administration page of the router will be loaded.Navigate to the Wireless - Wireless Settings. flip-flop the security Type to WPA-PSK/WPA2 -PSKChange the PSK PassPhrase (Password) pillarboxx ease and reboot.CUserssonyDesktopNWTP_Link_Login.jpgCUserssonyDesktopNWWap.jpgSetting up Default Gateway and DHCP ServerPlease use previously mentioned step to login to the router.Navigate to the Advanced Settings - DHCP - DHCP Settings.Enable the DHCP serverChange the start IP address to 192.168.248.60Change the End IP address to 192.168.248.90Change the default gateway address to 192.168.248.57Save and reboo t.CUserssonyDesktopNWDHCP configuration.jpgChange the SSID of the Wireless access pointPlease use previously mentioned steps to login to the router.Navigate to the Wireless - Wireless Settings.Change SSID PTLSJCSave and reboot.CUserssonyDesktopNWSSID.jpg1. View Available Wireless screenCUserssonyDesktopNWNEW SSID.jpg2. List of connected nodes from the routerPlease use previously mentioned steps to login to the router.Navigate to the Advanced Settings - IP and mackintosh Binding - ARP ListCUserssonyDesktopNWconnected nodes.jpgThis will show all the connected devices together with their IP and MAC Addresses.Two of the devices are connected via wireless 192.168.248.61, 192.168.248.63. and the other device is connected via LAN connection 192.168.248.62.NOTE All the above mentioned configurations are explained in detail at each step.Copy a show from a overlap folder from machine 1 to machine 2 via wireless networkGo to My Computer.Select the Network from the Left menu.This will allow you to view all the available devices.Select the device which the file wants to be copied. (Figure 2)It will appear all the available shared devices and folders of that device. (Figure 2)Navigate to a shared folder.Figure 1Paste the file which wants to be copied.CUserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing 2.jpgCUserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing.pngFigure 2Figure 3CUserssonyDesktopNWfile Sharing 3.jpgTask 3.Link Systems D-Link Xtreme N Gigabit Router DIR-655 Wireless router terms 60.00Features gambling and phone calling (VoIP) experience.Ideal for streaming HD video or streaming multiple applications simultaneously.Dual active firewall protection (SPI NAT) helps block malicious attacks on networks from the Internet.Includes the latest wireless security (WEP, WPA WPA2) features that help prevent unauthorized access.Virtually no wireless dead spots.Advanced Parental Controls.Supports Windows Connect Now (WCN) for easy wireless setup.Automatic Firmware Update Notification.E-mail Notification for T riggered Events.Integrated Wireless Security Wizard.Removable Antennas for Flexible Installation Options.Wall Mountable to Save Desk Space.Linksys E1000 Wireless-N Router Wireless routerPrice 49.00Features128-bit encryption, NAT support, State full Packet Inspection (SPI), MAC address filtering, VPN pass through, firmware upgradable, wall mountable, Wi-Fi ProtectedLinksys E1000 Wireless-N Router is best for basic wireless Internet routine and home office productivity.Speed up your wireless network with a router that connects your computer, game consoles and other Wi-Fi devices at high transfer speed.Cisco Connect software product has three simple steps to get you set up and your secure wireless network is ready to go.A streamlined user interface allows you to film from simple to advanced settings with no hassle.Keep Wi-Fi freeloaders and Internet threats at bay with WPA/WPA2 security settings.ETGEAR Wireless-N Router WNR2000 Wireless routerPrice 33.00FeaturesFirewall protection, NAT support, State full Packet Inspection (SPI), do attack prevention, Intrusion Detection System (IDS),Simple and secure way to share your high-speed Internet connection stab N Connect hard connects at the touch of a button Wireless-N technology delivers exceptional range and speed Easy setup with Smart Wizard Installation CD Push N Connect using Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) allows you to add computers to the network quickly and securely .Automatically checks and upgrades to latest software for optimal performance subjective antennas deliver maximum performance and range Convenient on / off switch helps save energy when not in use Energy Star-compliant efficient power supply Packaging manufactured with at least 80% recycled materials

Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotskys Zone of Proximal DevelopmentLev Vygotsky views collaboration with peers as an effective way of culture. He suggests that more than cooperative information activities should be utilise in the schoolroom in which little(prenominal) able students turn with assistance and support from more well-read peers, within their zone of proximal using. In other words, according to Vygotsky, the task poses internalised through actual relations amidst the students (Vygotsky, 197857) and successfully performed.In one of my position Literature lessons, I taught a group of Y11 second language learners how to answer and analyse a question using PEER (Point Evidence Explain Reflect) technique. The students were revise exam-type questions and had to be ready for analysis. I started with a demonstration activity from the novel I am the King of the Castle. With some leading questions, I started analysing the point, involving the students in conclusion evidence, linkers, explanati on, etc.As soon as the students were charge with an individual task, the majority of them (7 out of 10) were able to perform with no challenges due to their prior experience and vocabulary. On the other hand, the ripe students were not able to follow the critical task unaided. Therefore, they were paired with more able students to practise analysis, finding evidence, explaining and evaluating. The less able students were doing it flop till the point when more criticality needed. With a little aid from a more workmanlike peer, they developed conceptual learning.In future lessons, granted a similar task, students result be able to perform with more confidence and once it is internalised, hold up might be removed. I think as a conceptual tool for t severallyers the ZPD is very steadying in developing a curriculum which will challenge students learning and enable them to enquire it in addition assistants teachers in effective grouping of students where less able students can achieve with some guidance and support from more competent students. Finally, the ZPD might be helpful in assessing students abilities in order to decide their year group distribution.=====================================================================================In this specific lesson, I managed scaffolding the group of Y11 second language students to write effectively. My briny objective was how to write interesting, imaginative and thoughtful texts, using appropriate and effective vocabulary. (The lesson objectives were taken from the Writing Assessment Foci (AF1/AF7) of the National Curriculum.) Due to the different ability take manoeuver of students, I demonstrated all the instructional options marriagemarised by Wood, (1988).In the video clip, David Wood explained evidently the difference between contingent teaching and scaffolding, highlighting that scaffolding is a functional analysis of the kinds of activities that a teacher might undertake to simplify the students learning whereas contingency is about interaction, process, its how teachers go about of supporting a particular individual when they be setting out to learn. Therefore, I have-to doe withd all the five instructional options as aspects of scaffolding.I give awayd the lesson objectives and outcomes of writing effectively, and assigned the students to write a one cable description of a man who is smiling coldly. My verbal instruction was to look at their partners last(prenominal)ure and comp be their responses, ensuring that the sentences matched the assessment foci. The more competent students performed very well because of their pre-existing knowledge of literary devices, sentence structure, effective vocabulary, and the ability to look at the context, whilst the less capable students used very simple and uncomplicated sentences. At this point, I provided some prompt by asking them to write a one line description of a man who is smiling coldly, using the word ARCTIC. This metre, the students also loped individually and upon their task completion, I asked them to compare their responses with the model sentence on the display panel Mr. Fisher had a smile of arctic brightness. While working as a class and comparing their sentences, the students then had to consider how the description worked there, what literary devices were used to make the sentence more effective.Obviously, a few of the students with less competence could construct a sentence with the word arctic because they did not know what it meant. I then provided a thesaurus support, asking them to first look up the word and then, using some other techniques of personification or imagery and too-careful sentence structure to construct a sentence, which meets the objectives of the lesson. The students still struggled with the use of a simile, metaphor, etc. therefore, a group of more knowledgeable students was swapped to provide support to those less competent peers by sharing their examples, reinforcing the use of literary devices, using effective vocabulary and correct structure. With the additional support, the students came up with a word form of sentences. They were also provided with a checklist of expected skills they needed to accomplish the task. This was through as a class work, thoroughly read and explained. In Woods terminology, this was a stage where I demonstrated contingent teaching with the features of interactive instruction. I indicated the material and named them for the assembly.The rest of the lesson was spent in focus on exploring the necessary skills in writing and the students were assigned with a final task of writing a character description using one of their carefully crafted sentences as a starting point.To sum up, I should put together Woods theory of scaffoldingGeneral Verbal Prompt (GVP) was given throughout the lesson to give instruction and introduce the topic, etc.Special Verbal Instruction (SVI) was given as well when the students had to construct their own sentences and compare them either with their partners or with the model. Even though this work was done individually, the students still could do this unaided, due to their pre-existing knowledge.Indicating Material (IM) was the next step when I suggested the use of a dictionary, constantly reminded the students of the AFs, objectives of the lesson, and provided the assistance of more competent students to help to successfully accomplish the task.To prepare for the assembly of the final writing piece using literary devices, appropriate and effective vocabulary, and an effectively written text, the students were distributed a checklist and framework of expected skills explored during the lesson.A demonstration (DEM) of how to write imaginary and thoughtful sentences using an effective word choice was also used throughout the lesson by sharing model sentences with all the students to facilitate their work and understanding.Throughout the lesson, there was a var ied level of teacher interaction supporting the students to internalise the knowledge and complete the task successfully, at which point, the teacher should have not intervene. The following lesson aimed at peer marking and spotting mistakes and the discussion of the skills acquired during the previous lesson.=====================================================================================Child-centred learning has been advocated by several educationalists and psychologists for many years. Its basic emphasis is childrens individual interests and needs in education, which may vary in terms of development rates and the genius of the teachers control. The term child-centeredness is related to childrens individual needs and decisions about the curriculum and the teachers role in the schoolroom. However, since child development theories vary, child-centred learning also varies in a classroom.Pioneers in child development theory, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygostsky, observe considerable d ifferences between cognitive and social constructivist theories assigned to each individual child and the social context of play in their development. They both support the idea of knowledge construction by individuals. However, Piaget believes that knowledge is a ingathering of the individual and the environment. Vygostky, on the other hand, advocates the idea that knowledge is constructed due to social interaction and then internalised by guidance.Piaget and Vygostky differently promote the relationship between learning and development Piaget believes that development follows learning, whilst Vygotsky shows that learning leads to development and plays a vital role in it. He states that the only legal learning is that which is in advance of development (Vygotsky, Mind in Society and the ZPD, 2002113). Both theorists emphasise, though, that peer interaction and cooperation promote childrens learning. Since Piagets and Vygostkys child-centred plan of attackes vary greatly, their i mplication in a classroom varies as well. Piagets approach relies on the liberty of children and appropriate environment for learning, where children learn by exploring things by themselves. Those with Vygotskys approach, provide a balance between teacher-directed and child-initiated classroom, where teachers provide assistance to ensure that the children are able to attain a higher level within their ZPD.Other theorists, John Dewey and Maria Montessori, have also played a significant role in child-centred learning theory development. Despite the similarities in their belief that some guidance is important for children to help them develop their intelligence, they both have different perspectives about the role of childrens freedom in education and the teachers role in the classroom. Dewey believes that democratic culture is ground on child-centeredness where learning means experiencing. Being a progressivist, he believes in the development of the ability in children to function w ell in the large democratic society and attain personal fulfilment. Dewey emphasises that the construction of childrens freedom of intelligence via observation is more important than their freedom of will. Therefore, he summons up the teachers to act as a representative of the childrens interests as a whole. They should create self-control in children, which will assist the teacher to understand the aim of education.Montessori, by contrast, sees teachers authority in the support they give to the children rather than in their dignity. She believes that orderly environment and appropriate materials will promote childrens development. Teachers, therefore, should prepare motives and inspire children to develop without any direct instruction.I think the combination of all four theories is beneficial for my understanding of child-centeredness in education and in conceptualised classroom situations. Piagets cognitive constructivist theory helps me understand when children have freedom to explore and construct knowledge, they make choice and experience. Vygotskys social constructivist theory can help me understand childrens ability to develop with adult guidance to attain their ZPD. Deweys understanding of childrens freedom of intelligence to promote learning will assist me how to nurture this with guidance for each individuals constant growth. Finally, Montessoris support of each childs potential to have national drive to learn, will help me remove all the obstacles that impede learning.=====================================================================================Nowadays, Early Years Education (EYE) has a mixture of their foundation in the work of Montessori and her critics W. Kilpatrick and J. Dewey. A confident Early Year practitioner should be aware of the ways how children learn and develop support them in solving problems and making decisions and provide them with approach pattern and roles to enhance learning.The Montessori method has been partially embraced by the International Community School in Amman, Jordan, where I am currently working. Some of the pedagogic principles, however, have not been accepted by the school administration due to their understanding of the method as purely academic, mechanistic and rigid. Below, I will demonstrate the aspects which are currently practised in the school, and which I, a Secondary Teacher, have observed as part of my EC in Lower Primary.One aspect of good practice in Foundation Stage of the school is that the teachers utilise activities in sensory rich environment. The students are command and supported to learn to interact and olibanum develop independent learning. In this environment, the children choose their activities and learn by doing. Montessori believes that training senses is fundamental and that it will promote the basis for the development of imagination. According to her, intellect should be developed early, through stimulation of senses, as a basis for the development of imagination and social relationships (Montessori, 1964). The FS teachers do apply this aspect of learning because they find it procreative students become prepared for KS1 as self-directed, independent students, who are able to perform and master inter-connected and challenging tasks.On the other hand, W. Kilpatrick argues in his book The Montessori system Examined (1914), that imagination and social relations should be developed before the intellect because the premature development of the intellect can stifle creativity. Kilpatrick believes in the opposite that providing children with socially conditioned environment will create a spontaneous unity of groups to work out their tasks. This suggests that children will develop their imagination and social relationship by cooperating with each other. The FS teachers apply this aspect of learning in their classroom as well, believing that only through their teachers consideration and suggestion (p.20) can the students cooperate soc ially and learn effectively.Another aspect of good practice utilised by the FS teachers is the childs liberty. Montessori believes that students free choice and freedom on the educational resort area can be advantageous and can promote their free self-expression. This is practised in my school with caution, however. The teachers as well as Kilpatrick believe that too much(prenominal) liberty will not lead to right conduct (p.23). He emphasises that in the effort to suppress impulses, a certain amount of positive imposition association (punishment) will prove necessary (p.24). Thus, having acquired a positive self-expression with the guidance and support of the teacher, the child develops self-discipline and proper conduct (p.24).Finally, one more aspect of good practice applied in FS of my school is that the students exercise practical life in their classroom. Activities like cooking, cleaning, serving, setting tables, washing hands, constructing, etc. become so intrinsically mean ingful that the students develop their potential to perform these tasks with interest and concentration. Utilising this approach, teachers create the Montessori model which is the school should fit the needs of the students. This means that the Montessori curriculum is based on the students spending a lot of time taking part in different sessions of uninterrupted activities, which last several hours. These activities contain a variety of independent and group-solving tasks related to different subjects maths, science, music, geography, etc. Here, Kilpatrick agrees with Montessori that schools should function more definitely as a social institution, adapting itself to its own environment, utilising more fully actual-life situation (p.41).In contrast to a Montessori classroom, the FS classrooms are NOT mixed age, but are counterparts. This is why the teachers mix the children according their abilities when less-able students are supported by more capable students.To conclude, our stud ents are a combination of the Montessori Method and a modern democratic school, where the childs day is a mixture of activities, starting from unstructured approach where the students play and learn independently and ending with highly structured approach where the tasks are teacher-directed and there is little play. Other activities are focused learning, when students are guided by the teacher and play and learn via experiential activities and finally, the activities are child-initiated, when students interact sensibly and sensitively in a supportive and enabling environment. All these approaches are used by Early Year Foundation Stages (EYFS) in international schools in Amman.=====================================================================================Freires views explicitly recognise the relationship between education and knowledge. He emphasises that liberal education would build on the knowledge resources and agency of learners Liberation education consists in acts of cognition, not transferals of information (Freire, 2002366).In Jordanian education system, however, the raison detre of liberation education lies in its didactic approach of teaching the banking concept of education where teachers are depositors and students are depositories. The system heavily relies on memorisation techniques, which is done for the academic performance. Students are required to learn from seven to ten subjects within the period of two years. At the end of the two-year, they sit for the end-of-year external examinations. The students learning styles involve a lot of writing and memorising the classes are teacher-centred and in transferals of information the content is massive and should be covered in a two-year period and time constraints are obstacles to interactive lessons.Within this short time framework, students and teachers work hard to cover the content of learning, which is overwhelming. They display their absolute ignorance towards the oppressed situa tion and fail to move to the essence of consciousness. They also fail to recognise cognition and thus, do not establish an authentic form of thought and action. (p.366)Problem-posing education would liberate Jordanian state school students if they were taught facts of the reasons and means of humans existence if teachers regarded dialogue as a precondition to cognition if students were taught how to think critically if they built their understanding on creativity, etc. I believe the Jordanian education system would be one of the best if they accepted individuals as historical beings to clearly acknowledge their present, past and their willingness to wisely build the future (p.367).

Knowledge and Peace :: essays research papers

Knowledge is one of the most important factorsin maintaining a peaceful and free society.Knowledge allows a society to plan for thefuture, while development from past mistakes. many an(prenominal)great nations project fallen into war and chaosbecause they did not utilize the wisdom gainedfrom the past. Many societies problems werepreventable, if people had used the lessons attheir government activity and placed emphasis on solvingtheir problems through the use of their intellects,rather than their weapons. A great example ofthis is the Roman Empire, which allowed manyof its problems to grow and fester, beforeattempting to fail them. The Roman Empirewas a powerful, seemingly invincible, civilization.capital of Italy thrived in glory for many years, a modelcivilization admired by all, until it started to fallapart. Many historians argue the factual reasonsfor Romes d throwfall. Some say it was abominationothers say crooked government was the cause.Still others say it was the foc us on delightand luxuries. All of these problems could havebeen avoided and peace would have beenmaintained. Yet, the Romans did not believe thattheir empire could fall and chose to ignore theirproblems, believing they would go away on theirown. Obviously, that did not materialize and, as aresult, the Roman Empire fell.In America today we have all of these problems.Are we termination to be next to fall? Or, have wegained knowledge and wisdom enough bystudying the errors of other nations past historyto maintain peace in our own time? In Rome, crime made it unsafe to travel, to sellgoods, or to go to the market. The Romans ranthe risk of being robbed, traveling from place toplace. Today, in America, we run the risk ofbeing mugged just going to the store. In somecities its not safe to go out at night. Stores arealways being robbed, vandalized, or destroyed.There is even a come to committed approximatelyevery twenty seconds. Crime is just as much, ifnot more, of a problem now in Ame rica then gage during the fall of Rome. We have theknowledge of Romes past failures, yet wecontinue on the same path. If the United Statesof America does not use Romes failure as aguide of what to avoid, the results could bedisastrous. Toward the end of Rome, the government was,for the most part, in chaos. Every time thecurrent Emperor died, there was a civil war todecide who would be the next ruler of Rome.The politicians no longer cared about Rome.They became self-centered, and used all theirpower to better their own lives. Luckily, things inAmerica are not yet that bad.

Against Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act Essay -- DNA Databa

AbstractCalifornias mesmerism 69 and the deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprint Act both expand criminal desoxyribonucleic acid databasesfar beyond what is necessary to protect citizens and prosecute violent crime. DNA profilingtechniques and databases shake up developed largely over the last fifteen years, and the recentexpansions are completely a part of an ongoing trend of function creep that characterizes databaseexpansion. Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint Act expand DNA databases originallydesigned to house DNA samples from violent criminals to include samples from anyone arrestedfor a felony crime. This is unreasonable because many persons arrested for felonies are everconvicted or even tried, but under these expansions their DNA will be stored in a criminal DNAdatabase alongside convicted rapists, murderers, and separate felons.California Proposition 69 and the DNA Fingerprint ActConsiderable Expansions in Criminal DNA DatabasesProposition 69, passed last November by vo ters in California, and the DNA FingerprintAct, passed recently in Congress, both significantly expand DNA databases designed to houseand identify DNA samples from dangerous, violent criminals. These recent expansions are onlypart are only part of a function creep phenomenon that has characterized DNA databaseexpansion since states began keeping DNA profiles on record in the 1990s. non until recently,however, have the expansions crossed the line between legitimate DNA profiling for lawenforcement or forensic purposes and an invasion of privacy. Proposition 69 and the DNAFingerprint Act do not significantly improve the ability of law enforcement agencies to prosecuteviolent criminals. Instead, they treat many innocent citizens as criminals, storing their res... ...2048/cgi/content/ to the full/352/26/26692Simoncelli, Tania. Steinhardt, Barry. Californias Proposition 69 A dangerous precedent forcriminal DNA databases. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics. Internet. cited 2005 Oct 3. Available from http//search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=177686463Rothstein, Mark A. Genetic justice. The New England Journal of Medicine. Internet. cited2005 Nov 6. Available from http//content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/26/26674Proposition 69 DNA samples, collection, database, funding, initiative statute. CaliforniaSecretary of State. Internet. cited 2005 Oct 15. Available fromhttp//222.ss.ca.gov/elections/bp_nov04/prop_60_entire.pdfSenate reauthorizes violence against women 5 act. Senator Jon Kyl Press Office. Internet. cited2005 Oct 15. Available from http//kyl.senate/gov/record.cfm?id=246925